The actors in a concerted action should refer to those enterprises that actually engage in the restriction of each other's business activities. Is it appropriate then for Article 14 of the Fair Trade Act and Article 5 of the Enforcement Rules to provide, as they do, that a trade association may be a subject of concerted action and that a representative of a trade association may be deemed the actor in such a concerted action?

What are the penalties for enterprises engaging in concerted actions in violation of the Fair Trade Act?

What are the relevant factors considered in determining the approval or rejection of a concerted action?

How are "small or medium-sized enterprises" determined under Article 15(1)(vii) of the Fair Trade Act ?

An economic downturn is not entirely the same as a recession for a certain industry. If the overall economy is very good but a certain industry is suffering a recession, can businesses in such an industry apply for permission for concerted actions?

Which types of concerted action can be filed with the Fair Trade Commission for approval?

Is it in compliance with the provisions set for the in the Fair Trade Act when a trade association establishes a set of price standards only for referential purposes?

Are standard prices set by the trade association for reference viewed as concerted action?

Is it considered a concerted action in violation of the Fair Trade Act when a trade association establishes a set of uniform price standards in accordance with related regulations?

Since small companies sometimes follow large companies’ price decisions in an oligopoly market, will this constitute a concerted action even though they didn't coordinate or reach agreement on prices?