The term "concerted action" as referred to in Article 14 of this Act refers to an act to mutually restrict the activities of enterprises, such as an act by an enterprise that enters into a contract, agreement, or other forms of mutual understanding with other enterprises with whom it competes to jointly determine the prices of goods or services, or to restrict quantities, technology, products, equipment, trading counterparts, or trading territories. The other forms of mutual understanding include written or verbal, as well as expressed or implied agreements. In an oligopoly market, small companies sometimes follow the selling price of large companies. This could be considered as an act of uniformity caused by the market structure. In case of an absence of mutual understanding, such an act shall not be deemed as a kind of concerted action. Competition law authorities around the world tend in practice to treat such acts as concerted actions where there exists relevant indirect evidence sufficient to determine that they are deliberate parallel acts. In practice, the Commission has gradually moved toward the position that concerted action is also constituted where enterprises knowingly and deliberately reach a non-binding consensus or understanding regarding their future market actions through a communication of intent.